Following its publication and exposure in The Bugle, demand has surged for copies of “Palatable Paintings and Poems”, a book released by locals Dr Brett Lemass and Juanita Harris. Brett said the motive for writing the heartfelt collection was that each poem was to express a deep appreciation for experiencing the best in life - nature, family and great mates. Juanita’s paintings vividly complement each poem with revered local characters, rural splendour, flora and fauna. Poems are hand-written for authenticity and artistic effect. Some poems (including ‘Great Mates’ ‘Essence’, ‘Gratefulness’, ‘Life Spice’, ‘Quiet Contentment’ and ‘Our Earthly Mark’) were intended to promote wellbeing, self-belief, life-purpose and optimism. Refreshing and emphatic reader feedback has identified that these poems additionally provide therapeutic tonic for the ravages of bereavement, depression, loneliness and enduring grief. ‘Great Mates’ has found increasing use in funeral celebrations where relatives wish to convey how their beloved was so much more to them and their friends. Readers have further aligned the poems with the positive outcomes sought by the Black Dog Institute and R U OK? Day. Poems such as ‘Kiama Beckons’, ‘Frontier Living’, ‘The Condo BnS’, ‘Christmas in Kiama’ and ‘Reminiscing’ champion the thrill of lifelong adventure, while showcasing the perennial beauty of Kiama and paying tribute to the colourful characters of locally loved legends. Great MatesWhat Traits Characterise a Truly Great Mate?Enduring Friendship... that is never CapriciousMagnanimous Actions... that are never PerniciousA Great Mate is Supportive and will never ManipulateGreat Mates share Buoyant Adventures with YouThey Materialise when Taxing Work must be DoneThey want you, beside them during Furore and FunA Great Mate is Loyal and True-BlueGreat Mates Trust You with Secrets HeartfeltDuring Adversity, they Advise and MotivateInspiring You to Recover, Prosper and CreateA Great Mate is a Perpetual Safety-BeltGreat Mates Celebrate Your Crowning GloriesRespecting You for being the Person You AreCompeting to Shout You at the BarA Great Mate Embellishes Your Big-Stories!Great Mates Arrive with Tucker and BeerWelcome Gifts in the Short and Long-TermThey help Family when You are Absent or InfirmA Great Mate Fills Loving Hearts with Good CheerDo You Consider Yourself a Great Mate ?Reflect on Who Trusts You through Thick and ThinChoosing You to Stand by Them, and Hold Them WithinBe that Great Mate who Steps Up to the Plate !

Ray Johnson Welcome to first-time and regular readers. In Episode Four we looked at how the IPCC assessed the quality of a wide range of climate science using a combination of “confidence” and ‘likelihood” ratings. This time we explore the quantity side of the anthropogenic drivers of climate change.The human activities include “the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, land use and land use changes (LULUC), livestock production, fertilisation, waste management, and industrial processes.” These activities produce the ‘greenhouse’ gases that are our focus.First, some concepts, drawn from the IPCC Glossary and the Working Group I (WGI) Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) Technical Summary: Flux – a flow of matter, heat or energy – can be from one place to another or from one medium to another eg land to atmosphere, atmosphere to ocean. Radiative forcing - “The change in the net, downward minus upward, radiative flux (expressed in Watts per square metre) due to a change in an external driver of climate change, such as a change in the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2), the concentration of volcanic aerosols or in the output of the Sun.” Effective radiative forcing (ERF) – after adjustment due to interactions of the flux through the atmosphere.To recap on the basics: In a stable climate the incoming energy of the Sun (downwards) is balanced by the outgoing reflected sunlight and thermal radiation (upwards). A positive ERF contributes to warming, and a negative to cooling. Well-mixed “greenhouse gases” are the most significant ‘positive’ drivers, mainly carbon dioxide and methane. Sulphur Dioxide is the most significant cooling gas.Having a common metric allows addition, comparison and further analysis, especially with regards to mitigation strategies (Working Group III).To compile the quantitative data WGI assesses a wide range of radiative forcing studies. WGI also looks at attribution studies, a complementary method, for increased confidence in the findings. In AR6 WGI covered (in decreasing impact order): Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Other Greenhouse Gases, Ozone, Other Anthropogenic, Solar, Volcanic, Land Use and Aerosols. Greenhouse gases can trigger feedback loops eg a warmer atmosphere can hold more water vapour which itself acts as a warming agent.The following graph shows the components, the relative significance of their impact (positive or negative) and the net total result (the dotted black line).To be clear this is only a small, but vital, component of WGI’s work collating and assessing the physical science of climate change. The depth of the full report illuminates a huge amount of work from the scientific community.As part of the current Assessment Report 7 cycle the IPCC has commissioned the Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (TFI) to produce the 2027 IPCC Methodology Report on Inventories for Short-lived Climate Forcers (SLCF).AR6 WGI Technical Summary - Radiative Forcing Components To be clear this is only a small, but vital, component of WGI’s work collating and assessing the physical science of climate change. The depth of the full report illuminates a huge amount of work from the scientific community.As part of the current Assessment Report 7 cycle the IPCC has commissioned the Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (TFI) to produce the 2027 IPCC Methodology Report on Inventories for Short-lived Climate Forcers (SLCF).The focus will be developing methodologies to fill gaps in the existing coverage specifically: Nitrogen oxides; Carbon monoxide; Non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs); Sulphur dioxide; Organic Carbon; “as well as emissions of primary particulate matter [micrometre size] relevant for radiative forcing, as appropriate.” The Report will produce separate volumes for inventory sectors: Energy, Industrial Process and Product Use (IPPU); Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU); and Waste. A separate volume will focus on cross-cutting issues. Speaking of waste … Australia’s National waste and resource recovery report 2024 was released in January this year. The data is for FY 2022-23. At a glance: “During the financial year 2022–23 Australia generated an estimated 75.6 million tonnes (Mt) of waste. This included 26.8 Mt of building and demolition materials, 14.6 Mt of organics, 10.3 Mt of ash, 6.5 Mt of hazardous wastes, 6.0 Mt of metals, 4.9 Mt of paper and cardboard and 3.0 Mt of plastics. This is equivalent to 2.88 tonnes (t) per capita.” Households and local government activities contributed 13.5 Mt of municipal solid waste I.e. 512 kg per capita and 18% of the total.On the bright side, the claimed “resource recovery rate” (waste reuse, recycling and energy recovery) was 66%.In NSW the NSW State of the Environment 2024 Report (June 2025 data also up to 2023) noted that Waste generation is increasing dramatically with landfills servicing Greater Sydney expected to run out of space by 2030. Commonsense says the recent high population growth and housing construction frenzy won’t slow the dramatic increase.

By Ray Johnson A big post-election welcome to first-time and regular readers. Today the task is to explore some of the key concepts the IPCC use to assess the wide range of individual climate-change-relatedresearch projects from around the planet.To simplify a complex matter, we begin by using the Rumsfeld matrix to explain the scientific task.Donald Rumsfeld was the United States Secretary of Defence in 2002 and was responding to a media question linking Iraq with “weapons of mass destruction.”He used the terms “Known knowns”, “Unknown knowns”, “Known unknowns” and “Unknown unknowns” to describe the intelligence space he worked in.With climate change it’s the scientific process that takes us from things we are neither aware of nor understand (Unknown unknowns), to things we are aware of and understand (Known knowns).Along the way science will grapple with things we are not aware of but do understand or implicitly know (Unknown knowns), and things we are aware of but don’t understand (Known unknowns).The IPCC has been assessing science for over three decades. The process has been refined over time, and review and improvement continues. Higher level IPCC assessments use a mix ofdegrees of “confidence” (a judgement of quality) and “likelihood” (an estimate of probability).The IPCC has a very extensive glossary of definitions which is the reference for the short summary here.Assessing “Confidence” takes account of the “type, amount, quality and consistency of evidence” as well as “the degree of agreement across multiple lines of evidence.”A level of confidence is expressed using five qualifiers: very low, low, medium, high and very high, and typeset in italics, for example, medium confidence." (Summary for Policymakers AR6 WGI Note 4 p4)“Likelihood” is “The chance of a specific outcome occurring, where this might be estimated probabilistically.”“The following terms have been used to indicate the assessed likelihood of an outcome or result: virtually certain 99–100% probability; very likely 90–100%; likely 66–100%; about as likely as not 33–66%; unlikely 0–33%; very unlikely 0–10%; and exceptionally unlikely 0–1%.Additional terms (extremely likely 95–100%; more likely than not 50–100%; and extremely unlikely 0–5%) are also used when appropriate.” (Summary for Policymakers AR6 WGI Note 4 p4)Still with us? Some examples:“Globally, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and population growth remained the strongest drivers of CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion in the last decade (high confidence)” AR6 WGIII Technical Summary TS3 The full AR6 WGIII report provided more detail for this assessment, noting “robust evidence, high agreement”. AR6 WGIII Report Ch 2 Executive Summary We are clearly in the ‘known knowns’ here. [Calling all politicians]Regarding future sea-level rise (beyond 2100) … “As emphasized by SROCC (an earlier IPCC Special Report), there is a substantial likelihood that sea level rise will be outside the likely range. As described in Box 1.1, since the definition of ‘likely’ refers to at least 66% probability, there may be as much as a 34% probability that the processes in which there is at least medium confidence will generate outcomes outside the likely range. Furthermore, additional processes in which there is low confidence may also contribute to sea level change.” AR6 WG1 Main Report Ch 9 Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change Par 9.6.3 The main uncertainties here relate to the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets. Science in these locations is especially difficult eg under the Antarctic ice. The science is definitely in the ‘known unknowns’ and ‘unknown unknowns’ categories. Some recent research examples, with tentative projected outcomes measured in metres of sea-level rise over hundreds of years, are here and here.We’ll conclude with two acknowledgements. First, a shout-out to local members of the Australian Religious Response to Climate Change and the South East Climate Alliance for their climate and energy election scorecard.Secondly, and more importantly, with the passing of Pope Francis the world has lost one of the great advocates for protecting our natural environment and acting on climate change. No one was safe from his criticism as this media release from the May 2024 Vatican three-day summit From Climate Crisis to Climate Resilience clearly shows.Some quotes from the media release: “The wealthier nations, around 1 billion people, produce more than half the heat trapping pollutants ... On the contrary, the 3 billion poorer people contribute less than 10%, yet they suffer 75% of the resulting damage.”“An orderly progress is being held back by the greedy pursuit of short-term gains by polluting industries and by the spread of disinformation, which generates confusion and obstructs collective efforts for a change in course.”The Pope appealed to policy makers to harness the regenerative power of nature in order to remove vast quantities of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere: “This holistic approach can combat climate change, while also confronting the double crisis of the loss of biodiversity and inequality by cultivating the ecosystems that sustain life.”

Opinion It takes courage to run into danger when others run away. And in Jamberoo, that courage wears ponytails, work boots and smiles that hide sleepless nights.The local Rural Fire Service brigade, like Kiama’s Surf Life Saving Club, is quietly reshaping what frontline service looks like - and who belongs in it.Half of Jamberoo RFS’s operational team are women. Its captain, Hannah McInerney, is the first female brigade leader in the Illawarra.Their message is simple: inclusion isn’t just nice to have.It’s critical to capability. It makes our emergency services more resilient, more responsive and more connected to the communities they serve. That’s why it is so disheartening to hear public figures still clinging to outdated beliefs about who belongs in what roles.When a would-be federal representative questions whether women should serve in combat, it is not a policy debate.It’s a warning signal.It tells every girl who dreams of making a difference that her ambition will always be second-guessed - not because of her skills, but because of her gender. Normalising diversity in frontline roles doesn’t weaken the system.It strengthens it.It sends a powerful message that courage, leadership and care are not defined by age, gender or background.When the community sees inclusive teams protecting their homes and livelihoods, it reshapes old stereotypes and opens the door for everyone to contribute. These women - from Kiama’s beaches to Jamberoo’s valleys, are not asking for praise.They are asking to be recognised as capable.To be seen for the hours of training, the split-second decisions, the physical toll, the emotional weight.They are showing up, night after night, sometimes risking their lives.What they should never have to risk is their right to belong. Let’s not slide backwards.Let’s take our cue from the communities that already know better - and do better.

Welcome first-time and returning readers.With community feedback being sought on the Kiama Local Housing Strategy (Draft v2), it’s timely to take a look at the upcoming IPCC Special Report on Climate Change and Cities.The genesis of this report was a forward-looking 2016 decision to produce it as part of the now current IPCC Seventh Assessment Cycle. The report’s outline was agreed at the 61st IPCC Panel meeting in Bulgaria in mid-2024 along with a schedule leading to final approval of the completed report in March 2027. With the 23 February 2025 announcement of the Coordinating Lead Authors, Lead Authors and Review Editors, work is now underway. There are five Australians amongst the 97 experts from 56 countries that form this leadership group. A First Order Draft will undergo Expert Review from October to December this year.That’s enough on process … what does the outline say? The February announcement says: “The Special Report on Climate Change and Cities will provide a timely assessment of the latest science related to climate change and cities, including climate impacts and risks, as well as adaptation and mitigation solutions that can be taken to minimise them.” In effect, it’s a focused preview drawing on current assessments by the IPCC Working Groups preparing for the Seventh Assessment due in 2029.Around half of the world’s population live in urban areas so there’s no question of relevance. When you consider 2024’s 1.5 degree Celsius breach and the American climate policy changes, there’s no question of need either.The five chapter titles are:Cities in the context of climate change: framing of the reportCities in a changing climate: trends, challenges and opportunitiesActions and solutions to reduce urban risks and emissionsHow to facilitate and accelerate changeSolutions by city types and regionsSome takeouts that might be relevant thought-provokers for Kiama planning (drawn from the full outline)Interconnection between local and global context; assessing complex/cascading/compounding/repeating risks; (Ch 1 context/framing)Learning from the past; trends/means/extremes; urbanisation extent/form/growth and decline; regional climatic impact-drivers; socio-economic trends that shape current approach including policy and governance (Ch 2 in a changing climate).Local risk assessments; integrating mitigation and adaptation options in the context of sustainable [environmental sense] development (Ch 3 action and solutions)Innovation in governance/urban planning policies; institutional capacity/capability; demand-side mitigation measures [very relevant in the Kiama context] (Ch 4 facilitating and accelerating change)An increased focus on regions as proposed for the entire Seventh Assessment Cycle (Ch 5 solutions by city types and regions)Time is against Kiama here due to the planned 2027 publication. However as the Report will have a first draft later in the year it’s reasonable to assume that most of the research and data they will be assessing in that draft already exists or is nearing completion. So the Report outline can also be seen as a pointer to best practice for the climate change dimension of the Kiama housing strategy, a strategy that aims to provide “a framework for how we can accommodate growth to meet our housing supply targets and ensure sustainable and responsive delivery of housing.”By Ray Johnson

By Ray JohnsonWelcome to both first-time and returning readers. Episode One was a primer on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (the IPCC) and the framework for governments to act on IPCC advice, with a final sentence “Time is running out.” A lot has happened since. The unprecedented weather events in south-east Queensland and northern NSW are but one expression of climate change.Today we look at the three IPCC Assessment Working Groups. It’s timely, as on 1 March the IPCC agreed (media release) on the outlines for each Working Group contribution (21 page pdf version) to the Seventh Assessment Report (AR7) scheduled for delivery late 2029. The pdf contains all Working Group outlines.Working Group I (WGI), The Physical Science Basis, assesses the science basis of the non-living systems associated with climate change. Topics include: greenhouse gases and aerosols; temperature changes (air, land and ocean); the hydrological (water) cycle and changing rain and snow patterns; extreme weather; glaciers and ice sheets; oceans and sea level; biogeochemistry and the carbon cycle; and climate sensitivity. (p1-13 of pdf)Working Group II (WGII), Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, assesses “the vulnerability of socio- economic and natural systems to climate change, negative and positive consequences of climate change and options for adapting to it.” The first dot point of the first chapter of the draft WGII outline is “Facing accelerating climate change and adapting to compounding threats in a poly-crisis world.” This gives a strong hint of the path the science is predicting. The IPCC also approved an outline for an update to the 1994 IPCC Technical Guidelines for Assessing Climate Change Impacts and Adaptations.(p14-15 of pdf)Working Group III (WGIII) focuses on climate change mitigation, assessing methods for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and removing greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. This groups Sixth Assessment Report stated up front: “Globally, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and population growth remained the strongest drivers of CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion in the last decade (robust evidence, high agreement). Trends since 1990 continued in the years 2010 to 2019 with GDP per capita and population growth increasing emissions by 2.3% and 1.2% yr –1, respectively.“ Yes it’s us. This outline is wide-ranging, complex and detailed. (p16-21 of pdf)WGI (Physical Science) also provided a Background Information paper for the IPCC approval meeting agenda item. Descriptions of various consultations highlight both agreement and debates within a wide range of specialist areas. The language is accessible, high-level not overly technical, and clear headings allow sections that may not be of interest to be skimmed or skipped e.g. procedural sections.At 55 pages it’s a bit of a read but I strongly recommend at least a skim of Section 8. Annotated Outline of the AR7 WGI Chapters (p15-30) to anyone studying climate change or involved in planning or policy development. There’s an insight for everyone. Best read with the Outline pdf open as well.Some might find it fascinating … I did. My takeouts were:• The extent and depth of consultation – remember this is just for the outlines• The rationales for the decisions including significant changes from the WGI AR6 report• The sense that much of the earlier science has either been accepted or rejected (more concise)• The stronger focus on regional climate change• The exploration of “Abrupt changes, tipping points and high impact events in the Earth system”• The emphasis on better coordination – “Favor interdisciplinary interactions with other WGs”• The transparency and accountability of the process.

OpinionWith Kiama’s Draft Local Housing Strategy Version 2 now on public exhibition, the conversation around how and where we grow is more important than ever. Housing demand is increasing, new planning laws allow for higher density near town centres and train stations, and people want to see smart, sustainable development that fits Kiama’s unique character. But does our current zoning make that possible? Would a more flexible approach help us create a better balance between growth and liveability?Traditional zoning separates different land uses into neat categories, residential, commercial, industrial. The idea is to keep things organised, but it can also create unintended problems.Does separating housing from businesses make us more car dependent?Are zoning restrictions making it harder to provide diverse and affordable housing?Do strict rules prevent older buildings from being repurposed for new uses?Are some commercial areas struggling because they are not mixed with residential spaces?Other towns have moved towards zoning that allows for a mix of housing, retail and community spaces in the same area. The idea is that instead of locking land into one specific use, planning rules can encourage gradual evolution as community needs change.Should town centres allow for a mix of homes and businesses so people can live closer to where they work?Could older buildings be adapted more easily instead of sitting empty?Would it help if new housing developments could include small scale businesses like cafes or workspaces?Kiama has always valued its identity. People do not want to see it overdeveloped, but they also want options, homes for different life stages, spaces for small businesses and town centres that stay vibrant.With new planning laws allowing increased density near train stations and town centres, there is an opportunity to think about how Kiama should grow. Should we be asking for zoning rules that make it easier to create a mix of homes, businesses and community spaces? These are not questions with simple answers, but they are worth asking. The Bugle wants to hear from you. What do you think Kiama needs? Would more flexible zoning make a difference?

By Councillor Melissa MattersThe newly completed Gerringong Surf Life Saving Club facility is a significant community asset, made possible by public funding and the dedication of volunteers.Its activation presents an opportunity to enhance community engagement and financial sustainability, ensuring it remains accessible to the broader public. To support ongoing sustainability, the facility has been granted 52 Sunday Sippers fundraising events and an opportunity to operate the kiosk through its volunteer members.If this option is not taken up, Council will initiate an expression of interest (EOI) process to lease the space, ensuring a fair and transparent approach to the management of this public asset. There has been some confusion regarding the new kiosk and the kiosk that has been operating previously in a shipping container. These are separate matters.  The new kiosk operates within a Council-owned facility on community land, and leasing arrangements must align with governance and regulatory requirements. In line with these obligations, the correct process has been implemented to ensure future operations comply with leasing conditions. As a publicly funded facility, the venue must remain open and accessible to the entire community. Expanding opportunities for community involvement beyond patrolling members would further reinforce its role as a shared space.  Public advocacy played a key role in securing toilet facilities, which were not included in the original plans. These are now open for community use, consistent with other surf club facilities across the region. At a recent Council meeting, it was noted that the kiosk has the capacity to employ multiple staff members, highlighting its ability to contribute to local employment and community engagement.  Moving forward, a formalised leasing process will ensure the kiosk operates within established guidelines, aligning with lease conditions and community expectations. While surf lifesaving remains the primary function of the venue, the club also participates in sporting competitions. Like all community sporting organisations, there is a need to balance operational costs with financial sustainability.Volunteers play an essential role across all community groups, from surf clubs and sporting associations to service organisations. Ensuring this facility remains a shared and inclusive community asset will be key to its long-term success. With Council now responsible for the building’s maintenance, the costs will be covered by the broader community through public funds. However, as a Council asset, the facility is also expected to generate revenue to contribute to its own upkeep, ensuring it does not rely solely on ratepayers for ongoing maintenance. Across the region, sporting groups operate under financial constraints, with the Kiama District Sports Association managing 20 clubs on an annual budget of just $60,000. This highlights the need for fairness in the distribution of community resources. This publicly funded facility was built for community benefit and must serve all members of the public. By embracing a community-focused approach, the venue has the opportunity to ensure it remains sustainable, inclusive, and accessible for years to come.The views expressed here are the personal views of Councillor Matters and do not represent those of Kiama Municipal Council 

Imagine standing in Kiama decades ago, looking out at a town barely touching the edges of the landscape. A quiet community nestled between the rolling hills and the ocean, with open paddocks and pockets of houses lining wide, empty roads. Now, fast forward to today. What was once a collection of scattered homes and small-town life is now a thriving, sought-after coastal destination. Schools, businesses, homes, and community spaces weave through what was once largely farmland.But what if those before us had said, "Not in my backyard"? What if they had resisted change, rejected progress, and shut the door to new families and opportunities? Where would we be living now? Where would our children find their future? Would Kiama have become a place of stagnation rather than evolution?The term NIMBY, or "Not In My Backyard," is often thrown around in conversations about development, yet rarely do we stop to ask whose backyard we are really talking about. Once, this town was someone else’s backyard. Once, every street, home, and park was just a vision for the future. And now, that future is here. It is where we work, where we raise families, where we celebrate community, where we belong.Growth is inevitable. The challenge is not in stopping it but in shaping it. We have the power to guide development that respects our environment, our history, and our way of life without shutting the gates to those who, just like us, dream of making Kiama their home.So, when we look at the past and see what has changed, let us ask ourselves: if the people in this undated photograph had said no, where would we be now? And more importantly, where do we want Kiama’s future to lead? This is a work in progress, just like our town itself.

By Ray JohnsonEpisode 1 – The IPCCWelcome to the first of a series of informative articles on Climate Change. The aim is to provide easy to read explainers of climate change science, its organisations, processes, issues and implications. We start with a primer on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (the IPCC) and the framework for governments to act on IPCC advice.  The IPCC is the United Nations body for assessing the science related to climate change. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) established the IPCC in 1988. Its mission was to “prepare a comprehensive review and recommendations with respect to: the state of knowledge of the science of climate change; the social and economic impact of climate change, and potential response strategies and elements for inclusion in a possible future international convention on climate.” Over time the IPCC core mandate has continued, the science has evolved, and the confidence in key scientific findings has increased to the highest levels.The IPCC has so far produced six assessments and a range of reports and papers. These assessments underpinned the creation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC - 1994), the Kyoto Protocol (1997), and the Paris Agreement (2016). The Paris Agreement’s goal is to hold “the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 degrees C above pre-industrial levels” and pursue efforts “to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 degree C above pre-industrial levels.” The Sixth Assessment was finalised in March 2023 and the Seventh Assessment is due late 2029.Each Assessment consists of three Working Group reports and a Synthesis Report. The Sixth Assessment factsheet (8 pages) demonstrates the immense effort and detail that goes into each assessment cycle. Across the three working group reports there were 782 authors and editors, nearly 200,000 comments by experts and governments, and over 66,000 research citations.  What is the impact of all this advice? The UNFCCC has been ratified by 198 countries, virtually universal support. The Paris Agreement is a legally binding international treaty, adopted by 196 parties. The parties of the Framework Convention come together to form the Conference of the Parties (COP), the ‘supreme’ decision-making body of the Convention. The COP meets regularly, typically annually, and the COP Presidency rotates among the five recognised UN regions - Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, Central and Eastern Europe and Western Europe and Others.  Brazil hosts COP30, the next meeting, in November this year (2025). This meeting is vitally important as it is here that nations need to commit to action to meet the Paris Agreement targets. In a recent speech in Brazil, UN Climate Change Executive Secretary Simon Stiell said “Because these national plans are among the most important policy documents governments will produce this century, their quality should be the paramount consideration.” The original deadline for national plans was 10 February but Secretary Stiell indicated September was a hard deadline.Climate Action Tracker paints a grim picture: “Only six of the [42] countries the Climate Action Tracker analyses have submitted their new 2035 climate targets in time for the Paris Agreement's 10 February 2025 deadline, and only one — the UK — is proposing actions at home that are 1.5 degree C-aligned.” One of the six was the USA. On 20 January 2025 President Trump signed an Executive Order withdrawing the USA “from any agreement, pact, accord, or similar commitment made under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.”  In Australia Sky News reports: “Both major parties avoid 2035 Paris Accord [Agreement] climate commitments ahead of federal election”.  The science, advice and governance frameworks are in place. The need is political will. Time is running out.

OPINION In any local government, there are two essential layers of conversation – the discussions happening within council and the everyday chatter in the community.Both serve as vital barometers for public sentiment, yet too often, these conversations occur in silos, leading to misunderstandings when one side assumes the worst about the other.A recent debate in Kiama highlights this issue. Following my article, Kiama’s Future is Shaped by Transparency, there has been concern among councillors that greater transparency could impact their briefing sessions.These are closed meetings where they receive information and ask questions before formal council meetings.At the same time, members of the community are worried that this could limit public access sessions, which provide a crucial forum for residents to raise concerns directly with council.Rather than a conflict, this is a case of differing perspectives on the same issue.The NSW Minister for Local Government has been clear that transparency reforms aim to strengthen public trust by reducing confidential, behind-closed-doors decision-making, particularly in cases where key debates should happen in open council meetings.The intention is not to disrupt councillor briefing sessions, which are designed for information-sharing, but rather to ensure that significant policy discussions and decisions take place in public forums.Both briefing sessions and public access sessions serve essential roles in good governance. Briefing sessions equip councillors with the knowledge they need to make informed decisions, while public access sessions provide a platform for community voices to be heard.These processes complement each other. The way forward is recognising that different perspectives come from different priorities.Councillors benefit from staying connected to community discussions, just as the community plays a vital role in engaging constructively with their representatives.Good governance is built on transparency, but transparency is more than just making information available, it’s about ensuring people feel heard, understood, and respected.Kiama’s current discussion is a reminder that when we take the time to listen, to councillors, to the community, and to the intent behind reforms , we can strengthen trust and make local government work better for everyone.

Was it protesters or bored kids who grabbed a can of black spray paint and went to town on a real estate sign on Fountaindale Rd. The agent’s name, the sale details; gone. But the glossy pictures? Still there, peeking through the mess. Was it a statement, or just a half-baked act of vandalism?If it were a farm being sold off, you could guess at a motive. Frustration over disappearing green space, resentment at big money snapping up land. But this is just an acre block – hardly the frontline of a development war. So what was the point?Maybe someone saw it as another step towards change they don’t like. Maybe they’re tired of seeing signs pop up, marking another sale, another new neighbour. Or maybe – and let’s be honest, this seems likely – it was just kids with nothing better to do. A can of spray paint, a late-night wander, and a sign standing there like an open invitation.Either way, it won’t change a thing. The house will still sell. The land will still change hands. Another sign will go up. And whoever did this? They’ll move on, whether to their next act of defiance or their next act of mindless destruction.

I was out to lunch on Saturday when the conversation turned to the recent surfing tragedies along our coast. A couple of people at the table said something that got me thinking."We’re a tourism destination," one of them pointed out. "We invite people here. A lot of them come from Western Sydney, where they don’t grow up with the ocean. They don’t get the same chance to understand the surf or learn beach safety."They were right. We do invite people here. Kiama, Gerringong and Gerroa are magnets for visitors, particularly in summer, and many of those visitors have little experience with the unpredictable nature of the ocean. Rips, changing tides and shifting sandbanks aren’t things you necessarily think about when you haven’t grown up near the beach.We proudly tell the world that Kiama is the destination. The question is, what can we do to ensure visitors enjoy it safely?Some councils and surf clubs in coastal areas have started partnerships with inland communities, delivering beach safety education before people even set foot on the sand. Could Kiama do the same? Imagine a program where lifesavers visit schools in Western Sydney, giving kids a practical understanding of rips and surf safety before they even book their summer holiday.Technology could play a big role in preventing tragedies. ResQVision, an emerging real-time monitoring system, could be a game-changer. QR codes at beach entrances could link to live surf conditions, warnings in multiple languages and expert safety advice. Visitors could scan a code and instantly see the latest updates on rips, tides and swimming conditions before stepping onto the sand.But nothing beats human interaction. Should we have more visible surf safety ambassadors, volunteers or trained staff at our busiest beaches during peak times, approaching visitors before they enter the water? Could a combination of ResQVision technology and face-to-face guidance make a real difference in reducing preventable drownings?What if we partnered with a city like Penrith, where many of our visitors come from? A structured program between councils, surf clubs, St John’s Ambulance and schools could create a pipeline of education that doesn’t just reduce risk but builds long-term awareness. Perhaps even exchange programs where young people from Western Sydney spend time with surf lifesavers here, learning firsthand.The ocean belongs to everyone, but so does the responsibility for keeping people safe in it. We can’t put all the pressure on lifeguards and volunteers when the reality is that prevention is the best tool we have. If we’re inviting people to our coastline, we need to make sure they have the knowledge to enjoy it safely.Kiama is the destination - but are we doing enough to make it a safe one?

A recent survey by the NSW Government revealed the most common names for licensed hotels across the state in 2025, with familiar names like Royal Hotel and Commercial Hotel topping the list. These pubs, scattered across New South Wales, have long been staples of community life. Closer to home, Kiama once had its fair share of pubs with similar names – though only The Grand Hotel and Tory’s remain today. Are you like me and remember the Brighton Hotel? The Grand Hotel and Tory’s have survived while others have faded into memory. Photos Kiama Library What happened to the others? Why have these two endured while so many others disappeared?Pubs were once central to Kiama’s daily life. They were places where people could gather after a hard day’s work, share a laugh, or even quietly enjoy a drink without judgement. They weren’t just buildings, they were places of connection, with names like the Imperial Hotel or Railway Hotel conjuring images of a different time.The Grand Hotel and Tory’s have survived while others have faded into memory. Is it their location, their character, or perhaps something intangible that keeps them standing?These two pubs now serve as living relics of a time when Kiama’s streets were dotted with places to pull up a stool and share in the town’s stories.We’re calling on the community to help us remember the names and stories of Kiama’s lost pubs. Were they places for celebration, or just a quiet refuge?If you have memories, photos, or even theories about why The Grand and Tory’s have outlasted the rest, we’d love to hear them.Kiama Library has the back story of Tory's Hotel. Here is a little snippetWe all know the iconic 'Tory's Hotel' in the centre of Kiama, but did you know that it is the oldest continuously operating business in Kiama? The licence was appointed to Irishman Jimmy Barton and his wife Elizabeth on 6 April 1853, originally for 'The Fermanagh'. (Two other inns in town predated the Fermanagh, although they have not survived.)

In business and not-for-profit organisations, assumptions can often lead to misunderstandings. This week’s Kiama Council meeting, held at the Gerringong Town Hall, offered a prime example of how changes in personnel and management structures can disrupt long-standing relationships and create unnecessary frustrations. The debate centred on the Kiama Show Society’s surprise at receiving a $10,520 invoice for the hire of the Pavilion. Historically, the Show Society had never been charged for its use, with in-kind support from the council forming part of an agreement spanning over 90 years. However, recent changes in council management had moved responsibility for the Showground Pavilion under the tourism division, where staff were unfamiliar with this legacy. Sandy Rendel, speaking on behalf of the Show Society, highlighted the key issue: “The fact that we’ve had an agreement relating to the use of the pavilion going back for 90 years is not something that someone who started with council a year ago would automatically know. It’s unfair to expect them to have that knowledge without us explaining it.” This situation is not unique to local government. Whether in business or not-for-profits, the loss of corporate knowledge due to restructuring, retirements, or staff turnover can lead to inefficiencies and strained relationships. Institutional memory is a valuable but fragile resource. As Rendel noted, “When I joined the Show Society in 1980, there was shared knowledge and experience across both the council and the committee. Today, that has changed.” To address this, organisations must actively document their agreements, processes, and historical practices to ensure new staff and management understand the context of their decisions and relationships. Without such documentation, valuable insights and traditions can be lost over time. Changes in management structures and methodologies are inevitable. Rather than reacting negatively to these shifts, organisations should focus on educating new stakeholders about the value and nuances of existing relationships. “It’s just a matter of communication,” Rendel explained. “We need to explain how the relationship works and why it matters.” Clear communication bridges gaps and ensures transitions in leadership or structure do not disrupt organisational goals. The relationship between the Show Society and the council has historically been built on mutual respect. However, rebuilding that connection now requires intentional effort. As Rendel observed, “It’s time to tuck the tourism division tightly under our wing, bring them to the show, and show them the cultural and community significance of this event.” Proactively engaging with new stakeholders strengthens ties and fosters a shared understanding of the event’s broader importance. The Kiama Pavilion, built as a multi-purpose community space, has always been integral to the show. While the council now focuses on generating revenue from the pavilion, Rendel noted the importance of balancing commercial goals with the facility’s primary purpose as a community asset: “It’s good that it can pay for itself, but that was never its primary purpose.” Recognising the pavilion’s cultural significance ensures that it remains a vital part of the community while supporting broader financial objectives. This story serves as a reminder for all organisations: long-standing relationships, however robust, are not immune to the impact of change. As Rendel reflected, “We can never take people for granted.” Whether managing a small business or a major not-for-profit, documenting history, communicating proactively, and adapting to change are essential for maintaining continuity and building sustainable relationships.The Kiama Show Society and council ultimately resolved the issue with a fee waiver and a commitment to better communication moving forward. But the broader lesson is clear: in a world of constant change, relationships must be nurtured with the same care as the events and communities they support.

Opinion Piece Despite constant water safety reminders, people continue to push boundaries, even during wild weather or near dangerous surf conditions. This defiance, seen all too often in the Kiama region, raises deeper questions about human psychology and the challenges of protecting people from their own actions.The recent rescue near Kiama's Blowhole, where SES volunteers braved 90 km/h wind gusts and four metre waves to save a woman with a broken leg and her daughter, is a stark example of this phenomenon. Commander John Wall expressed disbelief at seeing individuals deliberately entering high risk areas, emphasising that even seasoned rescuers struggled against the forces of nature.Tragically, our region has seen three water related deaths in recent months. These preventable incidents are not just statistics; they are devastating losses for families, communities, and the responders who bear the emotional toll of each tragedy. Despite public campaigns and visible warning signs, the allure of danger often wins. Why?Psychologists suggest that risk taking behaviours stem from a combination of factors: the thrill of pushing limits, underestimating hazards, and an innate belief that "it won’t happen to me." In some cases, social media amplifies this mindset, encouraging people to capture dramatic footage, as though defying danger will make them immortal, if only in their Instagram feed.But nature does not forgive. For every dramatic photo opportunity or fleeting moment of bravado, there are those who pay the ultimate price. And when disaster strikes, it is our emergency services, our unsung heroes, who shoulder the burden. As they risk their own lives to save others, we must ask: are we doing enough to protect them from unnecessary dangers?Kiama Council, The Bugle, and frontline agencies tirelessly advocate for water safety, from education campaigns to upgraded infrastructure. Yet, there is no fence high enough or sign bold enough to counter human curiosity and hubris.So how do we change the narrative? Perhaps it starts with a cultural shift - celebrating respect for nature rather than dominance over it. Teaching children that the ocean is as beautiful as it is unforgiving and acknowledging that bravery is not crossing barriers but knowing when to stop.The challenge is not just saving people from water; it is saving them from themselves. For those who heed warnings, the beauty of our coastline remains. For those who don’t, the stakes are far too high to ignore.

 Recent analysis of Kiama Council’s 12 January 2025 Agenda committee meeting minutes raises serious concerns about the effectiveness of its advisory committees in fulfilling their intended role. These concerns stem from the lack of explicit advice reflected in the committee meeting minutes themselves. Of concern are agenda items listed under Section 12 of the Ordinary Meeting agenda, which include minutes from the Audit, Risk, and Improvement Committee, Blue Haven Advisory Committee, and Finance Advisory Committee.The lack of explicit recommendations provided in the committee minutes raises questions as to whether these committees are being treated as procedural necessities rather than meaningful contributors to governance. Issues include a lack of actionable outcomes, where committee recommendations, often lack clear follow-through or measurable impact on council decisions. Concerns have also been raised that critical input from committees is sometimes sidelined or diluted, raising questions about the value placed on their advice. The role of committees must be viewed within the broader context of governance and accountability at Kiama Council. Transparency deficits will only leave the community questioning whether committee operations are genuinely transparent or merely performative. If committees are unable to provide effective and explicit advice to the body of Council, this points to a systemic governance issue that extends beyond Kiama Council to broader local government practices in NSW. For committees to play a meaningful role, Kiama Council must establish clear mandates and expectations for committee contributions, focusing on actionable outcomes.  To enhance transparency council must commit to regular and detailed reporting on committee activities, including the status of recommendations, and develop feedback loops to ensure community input and committee advice are integrated into decision-making processes.Advisory committees are a critical component of effective governance, but their potential remains unrealised at Kiama Council, wasting the wealth of talent and expertise within our community.Without significant reforms, these committees risk becoming symbolic entities rather than drivers of meaningful change.By addressing these challenges head-on, the council can restore faith in its governance processes and demonstrate a commitment to accountability and transparency.

 The tired clichés are everywhere. Boys will be boys. Let kids take risks. It’s evolution, 100 million years of human nature. And then there’s the cringiest of them all: let Darwinism take its course. These arguments sound like they’ve been plucked from a bad social media thread, and sadly they have. But they’ve taken root in a way that’s downright dangerous. Let’s get one thing straight. This isn’t about stopping kids from being kids or sterilising their childhoods. Risk-taking is an important part of growing up, climbing trees, building cubbies, even a scraped knee teaches resilience. But there’s a world of difference between a productive risk and a reckless gamble. A scraped knee is a lesson. A traumatic brain injury from falling off an e-bike with no helmet? That’s a tragedy we could have prevented. The “boys will be boys” mantra isn’t just tired, it’s lazy. It’s a way of excusing bad behaviour by pretending it’s innate and unchangeable. Here’s the truth: kids aren’t born reckless. They’re shaped by what we allow, what we encourage, and what we excuse. When we shrug and say, “Oh well, that’s just how boys are,” we’re not just letting them down, we’re failing the society they’ll grow into. We’re saying accountability is optional, that responsibility doesn’t matter. And then there’s the Darwinism argument, the laissez-faire idea that we should just let natural selection weed out the weak. It’s a dangerous oversimplification of evolution. Humans evolved because we cared for one another, because we created safeguards, because we built rules that allowed our communities to grow and thrive. The seatbelts, helmets, and safety regulations people rail against? They’re not about controlling lives, they’re about saving them. Yes, kids need to learn about risk, but those risks need boundaries. A helmet doesn’t stop a kid from being adventurous; it stops their adventure from ending in disaster. A rule about how to use an e-bike isn’t over-regulation, it’s common sense. These aren’t barriers to freedom; they’re enablers of it. Social media has only made the problem worse. Extreme voices shouting “anti-woke” slogans are amplified, creating echo chambers where people feel validated for rejecting even the most basic safety measures. It’s exhausting, but it’s also dangerous. These aren’t just opinions, they influence behaviour, and they spread like wildfire, bringing more bandwagon believers into the fold. But here’s the thing: we don’t have to let these voices dominate the conversation. The majority of parents, teachers, and community members want what’s best for kids. They understand that rules and regulations exist not to kill fun but to make sure kids come home safe at the end of the day.So, let’s be clear. The question isn’t whether kids should take risks. Of course they should. The real question is whether we, as adults, are willing to take responsibility for creating the conditions where those risks teach resilience, not tragedy. That’s not “woke.” It’s common sense. It’s parenting. It’s community. Let’s ditch the tired tropes and focus on what matters: giving kids the freedom to grow and learn in a world where their safety isn’t just a nice idea but a shared responsibility. Because the alternative isn’t just risky, it’s reckless.

As Kiama grows, the challenge is clear: how do we balance the need for development with preserving what makes this region special? The answer lies in having a clear, community-driven plan, one that gives developers certainty while ensuring that growth aligns with the values of the people who live here.Shoalhaven’s recent struggles offer a timely reminder. Councillors initially voted to include “character” protections in planning laws, aiming to ensure that developments reflected the unique identity of towns like Culburra and Berry. But just two weeks later, the decision was paused, leaving communities and developers alike in limbo. The lesson? Without clear, consistent planning, everyone loses.For Kiama, a proactive approach is essential. A strong plan doesn’t pit developers against the community; it sets clear expectations for everyone. It ensures that if you want to develop here, you know what matters to the people who call Kiama home.So, what does liveability mean for Kiama? It’s not just about stunning beaches and scenic views - though we’re lucky to have them. It’s about creating a place where people want to live now and in the future. This includes:Enjoyment and quality of life for all residents.Affordable housing for families, young people, and older residents.Local job opportunities that let people work close to home.Safe, vibrant spaces where people can gather, play, and connect.Access to essential services, including health care, public transport, and education.Cultural richness, with events, activities, and programs that bring people together.Developers have an important role to play in building this future. With clear guidelines, they can create projects that meet Kiama’s housing needs while respecting its identity. Community driven planning ensures development enhances our shared spaces, supports local jobs, and prioritises sustainability.This isn’t about putting up roadblocks or saying no to growth. It’s about growing with purpose. By setting clear, consistent rules, we can ensure that every new development contributes to this vision. Developers gain certainty, residents gain trust, and the council gains a framework for making decisions that benefit everyone.Kiama’s future is being shaped today. With a strong plan, we can ensure that growth complements, not compromises, our liveability. Together, we can create a Kiama where everyone thrives.